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format so that everyone who handles a spreadsheet becomes accustomed to a

standard input.

Simple statistics

Another common use for spreadsheet functions is to pull useful information out of a

list, such as a series of test scores in a class, or a summary of earnings per quarter

for a company.

You can, of course, scan a list of figures if you want basic information such as the

highest or lowest entry or the average. The only trouble is, the longer the list, the

more time you waste and the more likely you are to miss what you’re looking for.

Instead, it is usually quicker and more efficient to enter a function. Such reasons

explain the existence of a function like COUNT, which does no more than give the

total number of entries in the designated cell range.

Similarly, to find the highest or lowest entry, you can use MIN or MAX. For each of

these formulas, all arguments are either a range of cells, or a series of cells entered

individually.

Each also has a related function, MINA or MAXA, which performs the same function,

but treats a cell formatted for text as having a value of 0 (The same treatment of text

occurs in any variation of another function that adds an "A" to the end). Either

function gives the same result, and could be useful if you used a text notation to

indicate, for example, if any student were absent when a test was written, and you

wanted to check whether you needed to schedule a makeup exam.

For more flexibility in similar operations, you could use LARGE or SMALL, both of

which add a specialized argument of rank. If the rank is 1 used with LARGE, you get

the same result as you would with MAX. However, if the rank is 2, then the result is

the second largest result. Similarly, a rank of 2 used with SMALL gives you the

second smallest number. Both LARGE and SMALL are handy as a permanent control,

since, by changing the rank argument, you can quickly scan multiple results.

You would need to be an expert to want to find the Poisson Distribution of a sample,

or to find the skew or negative binomial of a distribution (and, if you are, you will find

functions in Calc for such things). However, for the rest of us, there are simpler

statistical functions that you can quickly learn to use.

In particular, if you need an average, you have a number to choose from. You can find

the arithmetical means—that is, the result when you add all entries in a list then

divided by the number of entries by enter a range of numbers when using AVERAGE,

or AVERAGE A to include text entries and to give them a value of zero.

In addition, you can get other information about the data set:

• MEDIAN: The entry that is exactly half way between the highest and lowest

number in a list.

• MODE: The most common entry in a list of numbers.

• QUARTILE:The entry at a set position in the array of numbers. Besides the cell

range, you enter the type of Quartile: 0 for the lowest entry, 1 for the value of

25%, 2 for the value of 50%, 3 for 75%, and 4 for the highest entry. Note that

the result for types 1 through 3 may not represent an actual item entered.

• RANK: The position of a given entry in the entire list, measured either from top

to bottom or bottom to top. You need to enter the cell address for the entry, the

range of entries, and the type of rank (0 for the rank from the highest, or 1 for

the rank from the bottom.

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