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Cell references can be shown in four ways.

Reference Explanation

D1 Relative, from cell E3 it is the cell one column to the left and two

rows above

$D$1 Absolute, from cell E3 it is the cell D1

$D1 Partially absolute, from cell E3 it is the cell in column D and two

rows above

D$1 Partially absolute, from cell E3 it is the cell one column to the left

and in row 1

Hint

To change references in formulas highlight the cell and press Shift-F4 to

cycle through the four different types of references. This is of limited

value in more complicated formulas, it is usually quicker to edit the

formula by hand.

Knowledge of the use of relative and absolute references is essential if you want to

copy and paste formulas and to link spreadsheets.

Order of calculation

Order of calculation refers to the sequence in which numerical operations are

performed. Division and multiplication are performed before addition or subtraction.

There is a common tendency to expect calculations to be made from left to right as

the equation would be read in English. Calc evaluates the entire formula, then based

upon programming precedence breaks the formula down executing multiplication

and division operations before other operations. Therefore, when creating formulas

you should test your formula to make sure that the correct result is being obtained.

Following is an example of the order of calculation in operation.

Table 10 – Order of Calculation

Left To Right Calculation Ordered Calculation

1+3*2+3 = 11

1+3=4, then 4 X 2 = 8, then 8 + 3 = 11

=1+3*2+3 result 10

3*2=6, then 1 + 6 + 3 = 10

Another possible intention could be:

1+3*2+3 = 20

The program resolves the

multiplication of 3 X 2 before dealing

with the numbers being added.

If you intend for the result to be either of the two possible solutions on the left, the

way to achieve these results would be to order the formula as:

((1+3) * 2)+3 = 11 (1+3) * (2+3) = 20

Note

Use parentheses to group operations in the order you intend; for

example, =B4+G12*C4/M12 might become =((B4+G12)*C4)/M12.

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